It’s the Science – unpacking the scientific method​​​​William Ockham was one of the great thinkers of the last millennium and laid thefoundation for all scientific investigation with his “The theory of knowledge”, a work in logicand clear thinking; his premises became known as Ockham’s razor. “The theory ofknowledge” asks “how do we know what we know”, it’s a bit like that adage – you don’tknow what you don’t know.Ockham’s razor says that if there are two explanations for something, the one with thefewest assumptions and ‘work-arounds’ will be correct. If the theory needs lost ofworkarounds and results in multiple unexplained riddles, it is probably wrong.There are too many fatal problems with evolution to list them all, and convergent evolutionis but one. The standard theory of evolution teaches that all life can be traced back to acommon ancestor, and the various traits in different animal lie at the branching points onthe tree of life. This means that after a lifeform has diverged whatever things subsequentlyevolve are present in all ‘downstream’ creatures unless they ‘unevolved’ and likewise,cannot be found in creatures from different branches of the tree of life. That is, they onlyevolved once.Unfortunately, the above is not true.  Many features within the animal kingdom reoccur indifferent animals so widely separated from each other on the evolutionary tree that they donot have a common origin. Statistically, the probability of something evolving is infinitesimally small.  When somethinghappens twice, we multiple the odds.  The probability of a significant evolutionary changehappening in the first place is to all intents and purposes zero; and for it to happen twicewe’d multiple ‘impossible’ x impossible’. If it happened three times, we’d multiple onceagain. The evolutionist Kevin Kelly had this to say“Hundreds, or thousands of cases of isolated significant convergent evolutionsuggest something else at work. Some other force [besides evolution?] pushesthe self-organization of evolution towards recurring solutions. A differentdynamic besides the lottery of natural selection steers the course of evolution sothat it can reach a remote unlikely destination more than once. It is not asupernatural force, but a fundamental dynamic as simple in its core as evolutionitself.”Kevin is telling us that the classical theory of evolution clearly doesn’t work, and while hedismisses the possibility of something he doesn’t understand and relies on the supernaturalfor an explanation, he concedes that the only current explanation is no good.  He is thusforced to exercise blind faith, believing that some as yet undiscovered alternative to Godwill be thought up. Many others are coming to similar conclusions.If we apply Ockham’s razor (and Kevin was doing that), then we need to reject evolution as acredible explanation. The only other explanation at present is a supernatural act by a beingbeyond our ability to comprehend. Kevin doesn’t want that option either, so from theprinciples in Ockham’s razor Kevin Kelly knows that he has to find a third explanation. Ourdinner is getting cold so we’ll leave him to it.